Gender Roles in the Media
Please note- some of the information here is much more that what you need for Yr 11 CAFS - I have included it because some students may choose to do this topic for their CAFS IRP or for their Society and Culture PIP. Most of this is currently unsorted.
Things to get you started
Five things about women in the press [http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20554942] sets up the key issues
Sexist Scripts: Do women stand a chance in films? [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-23/omeara-sexist-scripts-do-women-stand-a-chance-in-films/7191514] analyses the representation of women West Wing, concluding that "But male characters also dominate screen time. Many female characters often sit on the narrative sidelines watching the action driven by male characters"
Sexist Scripts: Do women stand a chance in films? [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-23/omeara-sexist-scripts-do-women-stand-a-chance-in-films/7191514] analyses the representation of women West Wing, concluding that "But male characters also dominate screen time. Many female characters often sit on the narrative sidelines watching the action driven by male characters"
Sparkling OH [http://www.collectiveshout.org/tags/advertising]
Gender and Advertising
Figuring Female Sexual Agency in contemporary Advertising [http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/4112/1/Empowerment%2C%20Sexism.pdf] asks whether the current representation of women as sexually powerful can be seen as empoweringg or whether the sexualisation of women this way is just reinforncing the stereotypes of women as beautiful/desirable sex objects. She argues that sexual agency is not a solution to the silencing of women's desire; instead "it becomes itself part of the apparatus that [controls] feminine conduct, that gets ‘inside’ and reconstructs our notions of what it is to be a sexual subject."
Women as Sex objects in Print Advertisements [http://www.learningace.com/doc/2739756/1288f50c4341ae2a4f6795b371f63fa3/women-as-sex-objects-and-victims-in-print-advertisements] argues that the fact that the sexualisation of women in the media is often combined with the victimisation of women causes women "to associate sex with violence against women" so that "sexual violence seems both normal and justifiable".
The Advertising Standards Board [https://adstandards.com.au/products-issues/gender] sets standards against which complaints about advertisements are judged. The City of Melbourne [https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/guide-to-reporting-sexist-advertising.pdf] has also created a guide to how to complain about sexist (and other offensive) ad.
Compared to vintage ads http://mentalfloss.com/article/67885/selling-shame-40-outrageous-vintage-ads-any-woman-would-find-offensive, modern advertising is almost inoffensive!
Ads that have been complained about
2014 - Most complained about ads http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/advertising-standards-bureau-reveals-10-most-complainedabout-commercials-for-2014/news-story/9530de84280d348ab974a367979aa75b
As usual, whenever women start to identify and challenge sexism, men find ways to show they're the 'real' victims. These ads [http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1075515/commercials-sexist-towards-men] represent men as stupid, unevolved creatures who can only be real men if they conform to macho-man stereotypes. Apparently, only men count, because there's plenty of stereotyping of women here too, which has not been discussed. these
Women as Sex objects in Print Advertisements [http://www.learningace.com/doc/2739756/1288f50c4341ae2a4f6795b371f63fa3/women-as-sex-objects-and-victims-in-print-advertisements] argues that the fact that the sexualisation of women in the media is often combined with the victimisation of women causes women "to associate sex with violence against women" so that "sexual violence seems both normal and justifiable".
The Advertising Standards Board [https://adstandards.com.au/products-issues/gender] sets standards against which complaints about advertisements are judged. The City of Melbourne [https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/guide-to-reporting-sexist-advertising.pdf] has also created a guide to how to complain about sexist (and other offensive) ad.
Compared to vintage ads http://mentalfloss.com/article/67885/selling-shame-40-outrageous-vintage-ads-any-woman-would-find-offensive, modern advertising is almost inoffensive!
Ads that have been complained about
2014 - Most complained about ads http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/advertising-standards-bureau-reveals-10-most-complainedabout-commercials-for-2014/news-story/9530de84280d348ab974a367979aa75b
As usual, whenever women start to identify and challenge sexism, men find ways to show they're the 'real' victims. These ads [http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1075515/commercials-sexist-towards-men] represent men as stupid, unevolved creatures who can only be real men if they conform to macho-man stereotypes. Apparently, only men count, because there's plenty of stereotyping of women here too, which has not been discussed. these
How Sexualizing and Objectifying Women in Advertising Affects Body-Image [https://abbeyminer.wordpress.com/research-paper/] discovered that "The results of the study indicated that only women who initially had low self-esteem showed a significantly higher amount of self-objectification after the duration of the study. ... college women with high self-esteem may be more aware of the implications in sexual advertising and therefore intentionally ignored the messages".
Glamorisation of Sexual violence
This fashion ad for Duncan Quinn is a shocking example of the glamorisation of sexual violence https://fashionphantasmagoria.wordpress.com/page/6/ - Even more shocking than the actual ad is the fact that the apparent perpetrator implicates meets the viewer's eyes, implicating them in the crime.
Media Represenations of violence against women and their Children [http://media.aomx.com/anrows.org.au/H3_2%202_Media_CONTENT_low.pdf] is a long government document that could give a context to what you find out in your primary research on this topic. It would probably be confusing at the beginning.
Media Represenations of violence against women and their Children [http://media.aomx.com/anrows.org.au/H3_2%202_Media_CONTENT_low.pdf] is a long government document that could give a context to what you find out in your primary research on this topic. It would probably be confusing at the beginning.
Secondary Sources
Female Stereotypes in Advertising [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814039688] takes a historical look at 50 years of female representation. They use an interesting scale to assess representations of women (1. Dependency 2. Housewife 3. Beauty 4. Sexualisation 5. Women in non-traditional roles 6. Career-oriented women 7. Female authority 8. Neutral Women ) and also point out the need for a new scale to deal with new representations (eg fragmented women/women's body parts, GLTBIQ representations). It also points out that " gender stereotypes can be conveyed quite implicitly, using subtle cues such as body position, use of hands and facial expressions," all things that you should look out for in your primary analysis. 50 years of Advertising Images [http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/57941700/fifty-years-advertising-images-some-changing-perspectives-role-portrayals-along-enduring-consistencies] suggest that women are now shown in more varied roles but that the subtle implications about sexualisation remain.
Other scales for content analysis can be found in Gender roles: A handbook of texts and measures [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ICxaknocMFwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false]
The Moral Ambiguity of Advertising [http://www3.udg.edu/publicacions/vell/electroniques/congenere/comunicacions/pdf/14_The_moral_ambiguity.pdf] looks at the way humour is yused to mask sexism. "When presented with a joke, people do not evaluate the underlying message with their usual critical, literal mind-set... humor offers the opportunity to express [sexism] without fear of sanction. Perceived as amusing and harmless, sexist humor in advertising creates a ¨norm of tolerance¨ and leads to discrimination that harms women indirectly."
When Sex Doesn't Sell [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0083311&type=printable] studies the effect of sexualised women on ethics advertising (PETA). It finds that "sexualized images that dehumanize women reduce concern for ethical behavior... women’s dehumanization is associated with increased tolerance for unethical behavior towards women – specifically men’s attitudes towards sexual harassment and rape".
Pin ups in Public Space [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539507000398] highlights the "way that sexist outdoor advertisements masculinise public space" and considers whether the rules about pinups in the workplace should be applied to sexualised advertising in public. The article is summarised here [https://khabib201.wordpress.com/2010/05/14/the-mens-gallery-outdoor-advertising-and-public-space-gender-fear-and-feminism/]
Women, violence and sport
Kim Toffoletti is an Australian expert in the representation of women in the world of (male) Australian sport. Listen to her Big Ideas lecture [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/bigideas/stories/2010/04/06/2864997.htm] about the issue of rape, sexting and general disrespect of women by footballers. Stick with this because half-way through she starts doing really good media analysis of Lara Bingle's "sexting scandal".
Gender Relations in Football [http://www.academia.edu/9292417/Gender_relations_in_football] and How gender is based violence is covered in the news [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027753950700060X] suggest that media representations both create and mirror sexist attitudes to rape and violence against women.
She has also written a book about women's position as football fans, Sport and it's Female Fans [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=2smQSPeScfoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false], which talks especially about the way violence against women is reported using the assumption that women are "predatory", "asking for it", "gold-diggers" or "bringing it on them selves".
Inside Sport or on the Margins [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237968621_INSIDE_SPORT'_OR_ON_THE_MARGINS'Australian_Women_and_the_Sport_Media] argues that the magazine "Inside Sports" uses male-orientaed articles and sexualised women to look balanced while reflecting and creating societal beliefs about dominant male and subordinate female roles.